• Assembly X86 Cheat Sheet
• Assembly Cheat Sheet Pdf

X86-cheat-sheet Author: Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau Created Date: 9/25/2012 1:56:03 PM.

This reference is intended to be precise opcode and instruction set reference (including x86-64). Its principal aim is exact definition of instruction parameters and attributes.

• Cheat sheet for x86 Assembly’s string instructions. A Real-Life Example. Lately, we started doing CTFs at work (Trusteer, IBM Security). I stumbled upon a crack-me challenge from reversing.kr.
• X86-cheat-sheet-day7 Author: Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau Created Date: 3/2/2017 7:22:35 PM.
• CSE2421 Practice Problems 3 P a g e 0x0100: (top of stack).

Quick Navigation

coder32, coder32-abc, geek32, geek32-abc

coder64, coder64-abc, geek64, geek64-abc

coder, coder-abc, geek, geek-abc (these contain both x86-32 and x64 instructions).

In contrast to other references, primary source of this reference is an XML document, which guarantees clear and structured information base and therefore ability to extract many various informations such as a list of instructions from requested groups, etc.

The reference is primarily based on Intel manuals as Intel is the originator of x86 architecture. Additionally, it describes undocumented instructions as well. On appropriate places, it gives a notice if an opcode act differently on AMD architecture. Support for Cyrix, NexGen etc. specific instructions is not scheduled at all.

HTML Editions

These editions are available at the moment: The coder suite is intended to more common use and contains the following editions: coder32, coder64, and coder (sorted by opcode), and coder32-abc, coder64-abc, and coder-abc (sorted by mnemonic). Watch sky go on tv via iphone. The geek suite is intended for deeper research of x86 architectures' instruction set. This includes geek32, geek64, and geek editions (by opcode) and geek32-abc, geek64-abc, and geek-abc editions (by mnemonic). More on the purpose and use of this suite see close below.

Don't get confused by geek(-abc) and coder(-abc) editions. Both of them contains instruction set of both x86-32 and x86-64 architectures. If you don't have a particular reason to use them (such as to view the differencies between the architectures), the other editions would probably suit you better.

Editions coder32 a geek32 relate exclusively to x86-32 architecture. Similarly, editions coder64 and geek64 relate exclusively to x86-64 architecture.

The following chart illustrates the differencies between editions for current release:

Edition		coder	coder32	coder64	geek	geek32	geek64
Supported Architectures		both	pure x86-32	pure x86-64	both	pure x86-32	pure x86-64
Operand Codes		traditional	traditional	traditional	special	special	special
Abandoned Instructions		no	no	no	yes	yes	yes
Opcode Bitfields Information		no	no	no	yes	yes	yes
Instruction Extension Indicated		yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Instruction Group Indicated		no	no	no	yes	yes	yes
Present Instructions	general	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
	system	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
	x87 FPU	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
	MMX	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
	Intel SSE (all)	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
	VMX	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
	SMX	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
	Itanium	no	no	no	yes	yes	yes

The Purpose of Geek Editions in Short

The geek editions contains as much complete information from the source XML document as possible. That's why they may seem quite unclear. You appreciate them only if you need to get to know the instruction set deeply or if you investigate the source XML and you need to visualize it better.

These editions use specific operand codes (which are described in Instruction Operand Codes chapter below). These codes may look strange and obscure at the first sight. The reason to use them is that they hold more information than the more common ones. One example can be operand combination rAX, imm16/32, such as in instruction ADD rAX, imm16/32 in coder64 edition. One can determine that the destination operand is either ax, eax, or rax, and the source one is either imm16 or imm32. A problem arises when one needs to determine what magic is behind rax, imm32 combination. If one is just getting started with x64 architecture, it is not clear how exactly is 32-bit immediate added to 64-bit rax. This question is answered by corresponding geek edition, ADD rAX, Ivds in geek64 edition. The immediate value is encoded there using Ivds code. I code means Immediate, v means word or doubleword (imm16 or imm32). The most important part is ds code, which means doubleword, sign-extended to 64 bits for 64-bit operand size. Now is it clear.

As for Itanium-specific instructions, they are added just for the sake of interest - they give a notice that the appropriate opcodes are already used.

Hypertext Reference to Particular Opcode

If you want to refer to particular opcode (in any edition), e. g., 0FA0 PUSH FS, it can be easily achieved this way:

ref.x86asm.net/geek.html#x0FA0 (try it)

It works for opcode extension similarly, e. g., 83 /7 CMP:

ref.x86asm.net/coder32.html#x83_7 (try it)

Using HTML Editions

Since HTML editions can look complicated at first sight, here goes an outline how to work with them. Following examples come from coder32's edition because it is easier to use than geek's editions.

Example: ADC Instruction

Let's start with more known instruction, such as ADC. We find something similar to the following:

First column pf (Prefix) is empty. That means the instruction's opcode doesn't contain any fixed prefix.

Next column 0F is just allocated for 0F prefix for multiple-byte opcodes so it is empty.

Next column po (Primary Opcode) holds primary opcode value itself.

Because the instruction's opcode doesn't contain any added byte, the column so (Secondary Opcode) is empty too.

The opcode doesn't contain any specific bits so the column flds (Opcode Fields) is empty.

The column o (Register/Opcode Field) here holds 'r', which indicates that the instruction uses 'full' ModR/M byte (no opcode extension).

Because this instruction is supported since 8086 processor, proc column (Introduced with Processor) is empty.

This instruction is officially documented so st column is empty too.

Instruction ADC can work on any ring level so the column rl, Ring Level, is empty.

Assembly X86 Cheat Sheet

The column x holds 'L', which means that LOCK prefix is allowed with this instruction.

Next three columns, mnemonic, op1 and op2 show instruction's syntax. The destination operand of this instruction is set up using bold, what always means the operand is modified by the instruction.

The column iext (Instruction Extension Group) is empty because the instruction doesn't belong to any instruction set extension.

Columns grp1 and grp2 classify the instruction among general arithmetic instructions.

ADC instruction is influenced by CF flag, what represents tested f column.

This instruction influences (overwrites) all status flags. These can be found in next column modif f column.

All of these flags are defined (don't contain random values) so the same flags are in next def f column, and undef f column must be empty.

No flag is set to a fixed value (all modified flags depend on input operands) so f values column is empty.

Last column description, notes contains only a general description of the instruction.

Example: Opcode Extensions

Some opcodes (only a few) depend on Opcode Extension Field in ModR/M byte. Using this field, the opcode is actually extended by three bits. In most cases, different extension of the same opcode means more or less different instruction. An example can be opcode F6. We choose last three extensions of the opcode:

The opcode extension can be a value from 0 through 7. These values are indicated in o (Register/Opcode Field) column. In this example, values 5, 6, and 7 are chosen.

Additionally, this example shows that operands, which are not explicitly used (AL, AH, and AX operands), are set up using italic. It also shows that DIV and IDIV instructions always destroy all status flags: both modif f and undef f column contain these flags.

Example: One Opcode, More Syntaxes

Some opcodes are represented by more instructions with the same meaning, using different syntaxes. (This doesn't apply to the case when an opcode depends on Opcode Extension field in ModR/M byte. In this case, these instructions act more or less differently). Best known example are conditional jumps, for example JZ/JE, where we find something similar:

Each syntax has dedicated row in mnemonic column and in columns with instruction operands.

More complex case is, for example, MOVS/MOVSW/MOVSD instruction:

Here, the opcode's record is complicated by the fact that since 80386 processor, the syntax is extended (thanks to 32-bit operands) with MOVSD mnemonic and MOVS syntax is changed. That's why all four syntaxes have to be split by twos.

More examples with multiple syntaxes: PUSHA/PUSHAD, SHL/SAL, or SLDT.

Example: Undocumented Instruction SETALC

All main editions contain a few undocumented instructions (from the Intel manual point of view). No that in this reference, undocumented doesn't equal invalid. All undocumented instructions mentioned by this reference work well in their shape. It is, for example, SETALC instruction:

In this case, the documented meaning goes first, as indicated in st column by 'D' value. Since this opcode's documented meaning is not a common one, there is additional reference to the description where the opcode is documented. The column mnemonic implies by the value 'undefined' (which is set up using italic, which always means here that it is not an original mnemonic) that the documented meaning of this opcode is 'undefined and reserved'. This is also stated in the last column.

Below goes the undocumented meaning of the opcode - st column holds 'U' value. Each undocumented meaning should contain a reference to the description where is the opcode unofficially documented, like in this case.

More examples of undocumented instructions: INT1/ICEBP or TEST.

Columns Description

Quick navigation:

• pf Prefix
• 0F0F Prefix
• po Primary Opcode
• so Secondary Opcode
• flds Opcode Fields
• o Register/Opcode Field
• proc Introduced with Processor
• st Documentation Status
• m Mode of Operation
• rl Ring Level
• x Lock Prefix/FPU Push/FPU Pop
• mnemonic Instruction Mnemonic
• op1, op2, … Instruction Operands
• iext Instruction Extension Group
• grp1, grp2, grp3 Main Group, Sub-group, Sub-sub-group
• tested f, modif f, def f, undef f Tested, Modified, Defined, and Undefined Flags
• f values Flags Values

Name	Meaning	Description, Examples
pf	Prefix	Fixed extraordinary prefix, which may change the semantic of the Primary Opcode. Usually used in case of waiting x87 FPU instructions, and many SSE instructions. F390 PAUSE, 9BD9/7 FSTCW, F30F10 MOVSS
0F	0F Prefix	Dedicated for 0F Prefix. two-byte opcodes
po	Primary Opcode	Basic opcode. Second opcode byte in case of two- and three-byte opcodes. For coder's editions: +r means a register code, from 0 through 7, added to the value. 50 PUSH
so	Secondary Opcode	Fixed appended value to the primary opcode. It is used in some special cases, x87 FPU instructions and for new three-byte instructions. D40A AAM, D50A AAD, D5F8 FLD1, three-byte escape 0F38
flds	Opcode Fields	This column is present only in geek's editions. It contain present Primary Opcode binary fields. These are: +r means a register code, from 0 through 7, added to the basic value of the Primary Opcode. 40 INC The following fields are case-sensitive: if a letter of the code is set up in lower case, it means the appropriate bit is cleared, otherwise is set. w means bit w (bit index 0, operand size) is present; may be combined with bits d or s. 04 ADD s means bit s (bit index 1, Sign-extend) is present; may be combined with bit w. 6B IMUL d means bit d (bit index 1, Direction) is present; may be combined with bit w. 00 ADD tttn means bit field tttn (4 bits, bit index 0, condition). Used only with conditional instructions. 70 JO sr means segment register specifier - a code of one of original four segment registers (2 bits, bit index 3). See also S2 addressing method. 06 PUSH sre means segment register specifier - a code of any segment registers (3 bits, bit index 0 or 3). See also S30 and S33 addressing methods. 0FA0 PUSH mf means bit field MF (2 bits, bit index 1, memory format); used only with x87 FPU instructions coded with second floating-point instruction format. DA/0 FIADD
o	Register/ Opcode Field	The value of the opcode extension (values from 0 through 7). group 80 r indicates that the ModR/M byte contains a register operand and an r/m operand. 00 ADD
proc	Introduced with Processor	Indicates the instruction's introductory processor (code in curves apply to XML reference): 00: 8086 01: 80186 02: 80286 03: 80386 04: 80486 P1 (05): Pentium (1) PX (06): Pentium with MMX PP (07): Pentium Pro P2 (08): Pentium II P3 (09): Pentium III P4 (10): Pentium 4 C1 (11): Core (1) C2 (12): Core 2 C7 (13): Core i7 IT (99): Itanium (only geek editions) The opcodes that are not forward-compatible (the ones which have been abandoned) are present only in geek's editions. If the processor marking is a range (e.g., 03-04), it means that the instruction is unsupported in latter processors. 0F24 MOV + (e. g., 00+) means the instruction is supported in any of latter processors and also in 64-bit mode, if the next row doesn't explicitly say otherwise. 06 PUSH ES ++ (e. g., P4++) the same meaning, but only in the latter steppings of the processor (e. g., SSE3 instruction extensions). 0FA2 CPUID If this column is empty: In case of 32-bit editions, it means 00+ (8086 and all latter processors). In case of 64-bit editions, it means P4++ (P4, latter stepping, and all latter processors), because Intel 64 Architecture is available since latter stepping of the Pentium 4 processor.
st	Document. Status	Indicates how is the instruction documented in the Intel manuals: D means fully documented. It can contain a reference to description which chapter in Intel manual it is documented in, if it may be unclear. D6 M means documented only marginally. 66 (SSE2) U undocumented at all. It should contain a reference to description of the source. Note that in this reference, undocumented doesn't equal invalid. All mentioned undocumented instructions should work well in their scope. D6 SALC If this column is empty, it means D (documented with no further notes).
m	Mode of Operation	Indicates the mode, which is the instruction valid on. Virtual-8086 Mode is not taken into account. R applies for real, protected and 64-bit mode. SMM is not taken into account. P applies for protected and 64-bit mode. SMM is not taken into account. group 0F00 E applies for 64-bit mode. SMM is not taken into account. 63 MOVSXD S applies for SMM. 0FAA RSM If this column is empty, it means R. For 64-bit editions, E code indicates in most cases that the semantics of the opcode is specific to 64-bit mode.
rl	Ring Level	The ring level, which is the instruction valid (3 or 0) from; f indicates that the level depends on a flag(s) and it should contain a reference to the description of that flag, if the flag is not too complex. If this column is empty, it means ring 3. INT, INS, RDTSC
x	Lock Prefix	L indicates that the instruction is basically valid with F0 LOCK prefix. 00 ADD
	FPU Push/ FPU Pop	The following codes apply only to x87 FPU instructions (none of them can use LOCK prefix). s incidates that the opcode performs additional push of a value to the register stack. D9 /0 FLD p incidates that the opcode performs additional pop of the register stack. D9 /3 FSTP P incidates the same like p, but pops twice. DA /5 FUCOMPP
mnemonic	Instr. Mnemonic	The instruction mnemonic itself. If there is no mnemonic, it holds additional information about the mnemonic or instruction: If the mnemonic is set up using italic, there is no oficial mnemonic and the present one is just suggested one. D4 AMX, D5 ADX, 0FB9 UD no mnemonic means that there is no mnemonic for the opcode. 66 invalid means that the opcode is invalid. This option is not used everywhere the opcode is invalid, but only in some cases. 06 (64-bit mode) undefined means that the behaviour of the instruction is according to official documentation undefined. D6 nop means that the opcode is treated as integer NOP instruction. It should contain a reference to description of the source. no mnenonic nop null means that the prefix has no meaning (no operation). 26 (64-bit mode) If there is a mnemonic, it can hold additional attributes of the instruction: nop means that the instruction is treated as integer NOP instruction (except NOP instructions themselves). It should contain a reference to description of the source. DBE0 FNENI
		Only geek's editions: alias means that the opcode is an alias to another opcode. The attribute should be a reference to that instruction. group 82, C0 /6 SAL part alias means not true alias. It should contain a reference to the description of the differences between referenced instructions. F1 INT1
op1, op2, ..	Instr. Operands	Instruction operands. Geek's editions use special operand codes, explained in Instruction Operand Codes chapter below. If an operand is set up using italic, it is an implicit operand, which is not explicitly used. If an operand is set up using boldface, it is modified by the instruction.
iext	Instr. Extension Group	The instruction extension group, which was the opcode released on: MMXMMX Technology SSE1 Streaming SIMD Extensions (1) SSE2 Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 SSE3 Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 SSSE3 Supplemental Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 SSE41 Streaming SIMD Extensions 4.1 SSE42 Streaming SIMD Extensions 4.2 VMX Virtualization Technology Extensions SMX Safer Mode Extensions
grp1, grp2, grp3	Main Group, Sub-group, Sub -sub-group	These columns are present only in geek's editions. They classifies the instruction among groups. These groups don't match the instruction groups given by the Intel manual (I found them too loose). One instruction may fit into more groups. prefix segreg segment register branch cond conditional x87fpu control (only WAIT) obsol obsolete control gen general datamov data movement stack conver type conversion arith arithmetic binary decimal logical shftrot shift&rotate bit bit manipulation branch cond conditional break interrupt string (means that the instruction can make use of the REP family prefixes) inout I/O flgctrl flag control segreg segment register manipulation control system branch trans transitional (implies sensitivity to operand-size attribute) x87fpux87 FPU datamov data movement arith basic arithmetic compar comparison trans transcendental ldconst load constant control conv conversion smx87 FPU and SIMD state management MMX instruction extensions technology groups. Note thatthese groups are just experimental and may change in future. datamov data movement arith packed arithmetic compar comparison conver conversion logical shift unpack unpacking SSE1 instruction extensions groups. Note thatthese groups are just experimental and may change in future. simdfpSIMD single-precision floating-point datamov data movement arith packed arithmetic compar comparison logical shunpck shuffle&unpacking conver conversion instructions simdint 64-bit SIMD integer mxcsrsmMXCSR state management cachect cacheability control fetch prefetch order instruction ordering SSE2 instruction extensions groups. Note that these groups are just experimental and may change in future. pcksclr packed and scalar double-precision floating-point datamov data movement conver conversion arith packed arithmetic compar comparison logical shunpck shuffle&unpacking pcksp packed single-precision floating-point simdint 128-bit SIMD integer datamov data movement arith packed arithmetic shunpck shuffle&unpacking shift compar comparison conver conversion logical cachect cacheability control order instruction ordering SSE3 instruction extensions groups. Note that these groups are just experimental and may change in future. simdfpSIMD single-precision floating-point (SIMD packed) datamov data movement arith packed arithmetic cachect cacheability control sync agent synchronization SSSE3 instruction extensions group. Note that these groups are just experimental and may change in future. simdintSIMD integer SSE4.1 instruction extensions group. Note that these groups are just experimental and may change in future. simdintSIMD integer datamov data movement arith packed arithmetic compar comparison conver conversion simdfpSIMDSIMD floating-point datamov data movement arith packed arithmetic conver conversion cachect cacheability control SSE4.2 instruction extensions group. Note that these groups are just experimental and may change in future. simdintSIMD integer compar comparison strtxt string and text processing VMX and SMX instruction extensions has no groups at the moment. The grouping may be added in future.
tested f, modif f, def f, undef f	Tested, Modified, Defined, and Undefined Flags	For rFlags register, indicates these flags using odiszapc pattern. Present flag fits in with the appropriate group. group C0 For x87 FPU flags, indicates these flags using 1234x87 FPU flag pattern. Present flag fits in with the appropriate group. DB/7 FSTP Note that if a flag is present in both Defined and Undefined column, the flag fits in under further conditions, which are not described by this reference.
f values	Flags Values	For rFlags register, indicates the values of flags, which are always set or cleared, using case-sensitive odiszapc flag pattern. Lower-case flag means cleared flag, upper-case means set flag. STC For x87 FPU flags, indicates these flags using 1234x87 FPU flag pattern. Present flag holds its value. DBE3 FNINIT
description, notes	Short desciption of the opcode. For now, the descriptions are very general. They will be improved in future perhaps.

Instruction Operand Codes

These codes come from official codes used in Intel manual Instruction Set Reference, N-Z for Pentium 4 processor, revision 17. The reason of using this particular, out-of-date revision is that the codes from this revision are most apposite ones. In next revisions the codes changed unfortunately. These codes were modified and completed mainly because of the possibility to code operands simultaneously for 64-bit mode. Ideally, it would be the best to make brand new codes, but I'm afraid those wouldn't be widely acceptable.

The State column says if the code is original, added or changed.

The 'Geek' part in these tables in the first column indicates codes used in HTML geek's editions and in the source XML document as well. The 'Coder' part indicates alternative codes used in HTML coder's editions. These are used also within instruction reference in Intel manual.

Codes for Addressing Method

The following abbreviations are used for addressing methods:

Geek	State	Description
Coder
A	Original	Direct address. The instruction has no ModR/M byte; the address of the operand is encodedin the instruction; no base register, index register, or scaling factor can be applied(for example, far JMP (EA)).
ptr
BA	Added	Memory addressed by DS:EAX, or by rAX in 64-bit mode (only 0F01C8 MONITOR).
m
BB	Added	Memory addressed by DS:eBX+AL, or by rBX+AL in 64-bit mode (only XLAT). (This code changed from single B in revision 1.00)
m
BD	Added	Memory addressed by DS:eDI or by RDI (only 0FF7 MASKMOVQ and 660FF7 MASKMOVDQU) (This code changed from YD (introduced in 1.00) in revision 1.02)
m
C	Original	The reg field of the ModR/M byte selects a control register (only MOV (0F20, 0F22)).
CRn
D	Original	The reg field of the ModR/M byte selects a debug register (only MOV (0F21, 0F23)).
DRn
E	Original	A ModR/M byte follows the opcode and specifies the operand. The operand is either a general-purpose register or a memory address. If it is a memory address, the address is computed from a segment register and any of the following values: a base register, an index register, a scaling factor, or a displacement.
r/m
ES	Added	(Implies original E). A ModR/M byte follows the opcode and specifies the operand. The operand is either a x87 FPU stack register or a memory address. If it is a memory address, the address is computed from a segment register and any of the following values: a base register, an index register, a scaling factor, or a displacement.
STi/m
EST	Added	(Implies original E). A ModR/M byte follows the opcode and specifies the x87 FPU stack register.
STi
F	Original	rFLAGS register.
-
G	Original	The reg field of the ModR/M byte selects a general register (for example, AX (000)).
r
H	Added	The r/m field of the ModR/M byte always selects a general register, regardless of the mod field (for example, MOV (0F20)).
r
I	Original	Immediate data. The operand value is encoded in subsequent bytes of the instruction.
imm
J	Original	The instruction contains a relative offset to be added to the instruction pointer register(for example, JMP (E9), LOOP)).
rel
M	Original	The ModR/M byte may refer only to memory: mod != 11bin (BOUND, LEA, CALLF, JMPF, LES, LDS, LSS, LFS, LGS, CMPXCHG8B, CMPXCHG16B, F20FF0 LDDQU).
m
N	Original	The R/M field of the ModR/M byte selects a packed quadword MMX technology register.
mm
O	Original	The instruction has no ModR/M byte; the offset of the operand is coded as a word, double word or quad word (depending on address size attribute) in the instruction. No base register, index register, or scaling factor can be applied (only MOV (A0, A1, A2, A3)).
moffs
P	Original	The reg field of the ModR/M byte selects a packed quadword MMX technology register.
mm
Q	Original	A ModR/M byte follows the opcode and specifies the operand. The operand is eitheran MMX technology register or a memory address. If it is a memory address, the addressis computed from a segment register and any of the following values: a base register,an index register, a scaling factor, and a displacement.
mm/m64
R	Original	The mod field of the ModR/M byte may refer only to a general register (onlyMOV (0F20-0F24, 0F26)).
r
S	Original	The reg field of the ModR/M byte selects a segment register (only MOV (8C, 8E)).
Sreg
SC	Added	Stack operand, used by instructions which either push an operand to the stack or pop an operand from the stack. Pop-like instructions are, for example, POP, RET, IRET, LEAVE. Push-like are, for example, PUSH, CALL, INT. No Operand type is provided along with this method because it depends on source/destination operand(s).
-
T	Original	The reg field of the ModR/M byte selects a test register (only MOV (0F24, 0F26)).
TRn
U	Original	The R/M field of the ModR/M byte selects a 128-bit XMM register.
xmm
V	Original	The reg field of the ModR/M byte selects a 128-bit XMM register.
xmm
W	Original	A ModR/M byte follows the opcode and specifies the operand. The operand is either a128-bit XMM register or a memory address. If it is a memory address, the address iscomputed from a segment register and any of the following values: a base register, anindex register, a scaling factor, and a displacement
xmm/m
X	Original	Memory addressed by the DS:eSI or by RSI (only MOVS, CMPS, OUTS, and LODS). In 64-bit mode, only 64-bit (RSI) and 32-bit (ESI) address sizes are supported. In non-64-bit modes, only 32-bit (ESI) and 16-bit (SI) address sizes are supported.
m
Y	Original	Memory addressed by the ES:eDI or by RDI (only MOVS, CMPS, INS,STOS, and SCAS). In 64-bit mode, only 64-bit (RDI) and 32-bit (EDI) address sizes are supported. In non-64-bit modes, only 32-bit (EDI) and 16-bit (DI) address sizes are supported. The implicit ES segment register cannot be overriden by a segment prefix.
m
Z	Added	The instruction has no ModR/M byte; the three least-significant bits of the opcode byte selects a general-purpose register
r

The following abbreviations are used for addressing methods only in case of direct segment registers and are accessible only in HTML geek's editions as segment register's title. As for source XML document, they are used within address atribute of syntax/dst or syntax/src elements. All of them are added:

S2	The two bits at bit index three of the opcode byte selects one of original four segment registers (for example, PUSH ES).
S30	The three least-significant bits of the opcode byte selects segment register SS, FS, or GS (for example, LSS).
S33	The three bits at bit index three of the opcode byte selects segment register FS or GS (for example, PUSH FS).

Codes for Operand Type

The following abbreviations are used for operand types:

Geek	State	Description
Coder
a	Original	Two one-word operands in memory or two double-word operands in memory, dependingon operand-size attribute (only BOUND).
16/32&16/32
b	Original	Byte, regardless of operand-size attribute.
8
bcd	Added	Packed-BCD. Only x87 FPU instructions (for example, FBLD).
80dec
bs	Added; simplified bsq	Byte, sign-extended to the size of the destination operand.
8
bsq	Original; replaced by bs	(Byte, sign-extended to 64 bits.)
-
bss	Original	Byte, sign-extended to the size of the stack pointer (for example, PUSH (6A)).
8
c	Original	Byte or word, depending on operand-size attribute. (unused even by Intel?)
?
d	Original	Doubleword, regardless of operand-size attribute.
32
di	Added	Doubleword-integer. Only x87 FPU instructions (for example, FIADD).
32int
dq	Original	Double-quadword, regardless of operand-size attribute (for example, CMPXCHG16B).
128
dqp	Added; combines d and qp	Doubleword, or quadword, promoted by REX.W in 64-bit mode (for example, MOVSXD).
32/64
dr	Added	Double-real. Only x87 FPU instructions (for example, FADD).
64real
ds	Original	Doubleword, sign-extended to 64 bits (for example, CALL (E8).
32
e	Added	x87 FPU environment (for example, FSTENV).
14/28
er	Added	Extended-real. Only x87 FPU instructions (for example, FLD).
80real
p	Original	32-bit or 48-bit pointer, depending on operand-size attribute (for example, CALLF (9A).
16:16/32
pi	Original	Quadword MMX technology data.
(64)
pd	Original	128-bit packed double-precision floating-point data.
ps			Original	128-bit packed single-precision floating-point data.
(128)
psq	Added	64-bit packed single-precision floating-point data.
64
pt	Original; replaced by ptp	(80-bit far pointer.)
-
ptp	Added	32-bit or 48-bit pointer, depending on operand-size attribute, or 80-bit far pointer, promoted by REX.W in 64-bit mode (for example, CALLF (FF /3)).
16:16/32/64
q	Original	Quadword, regardless of operand-size attribute (for example, CALL (FF /2)).
64
qi	Added	Qword-integer. Only x87 FPU instructions (for example, FILD).
64int
qp	Original	Quadword, promoted by REX.W (for example, IRETQ).
64
s	Changed to	6-byte pseudo-descriptor, or 10-byte pseudo-descriptor in 64-bit mode (for example, SGDT).
-	Changed from	6-byte pseudo-descriptor.
sd	Original	Scalar element of a 128-bit packed double-precision floating data.
-
si	Original	Doubleword integer register (e. g., eax). (unused even by Intel?)
?
sr	Added	Single-real. Only x87 FPU instructions (for example, FADD).
32real
ss	Original	Scalar element of a 128-bit packed single-precision floating data.
-
st	Added	x87 FPU state (for example, FSAVE).
94/108
stx	Added	x87 FPU and SIMD state (FXSAVE and FXRSTOR).
512
t	Original; replaced by ptp	10-byte far pointer.
-
v	Original	Word or doubleword, depending on operand-size attribute (for example, INC (40), PUSH (50)).
16/32
vds	Added; combines v and ds	Word or doubleword, depending on operand-size attribute, or doubleword, sign-extended to 64 bits for 64-bit operand size.
16/32
vq	Original	Quadword (default) or word if operand-size prefix is used (for example, PUSH (50)).
64/16
vqp	Added; combines v and qp	Word or doubleword, depending on operand-size attribute, or quadword, promoted by REX.W in 64-bit mode.
16/32/64
vs	Original	Word or doubleword sign extended to the size of the stack pointer (for example, PUSH (68)).
16/32
w	Original	Word, regardless of operand-size attribute (for example, ENTER).
16
wi	Added	Word-integer. Only x87 FPU instructions (for example, FIADD).
16int

The following abbreviations are used for operand types and are accessible only in HTML geek's editions as operand's code title. They are issued to indicate a dependency on address-size attribute instead of operand-size attribute. As for source XML document, they are used within address atribute of syntax/dst or syntax/src elements. All of them are added:

va	Word or doubleword, according to address-size attribute (only REP and LOOP families).
dqa	Doubleword or quadword, according to address-size attribute (only REP and LOOP families).
wa	Word, according to address-size attribute (only JCXZ instruction).
wo	Word, according to current operand size (e. g., MOVSW instruction).
ws	Word, according to current stack size (only PUSHF and POPF instructions in 64-bit mode).
da	Doubleword, according to address-size attribute (only JECXZ instruction).
do	Doubleword, according to current operand size (e. g., MOVSD instruction).
qa	Quadword, according to address-size attribute (only JRCXZ instruction).
qs	Quadword, according to current stack size (only PUSHFQ and POPFQ instructions).

Current State

In this version, the reference is almost complete. It contains general, system, x87 FPU, MMX, SSE, SSE1, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, VMX, and SMX instructions (both one-byte and two-byte ones). We are working on AMD-specific instructions and Intel AVX instructions now.

The MMX and SSE* instruction classification among groups is considered experimental and may change in future.

Note that from the point of project's progress, modifications of any of HTML editions is almost useless. A HTML edition is just a result of transformation of source XML file, so all modifications need to be done there.

Implementations

Bukowski's disassembler is first public implementation of the XML reference.

Mediana, maintained by Mikae, is table-based x86/x86-64 disassembler engine. However, the transformation from source XML file is not a part of the project.

License

Since version 1.12, the reference is licensed under GPL-3.0. For more see its GitHub repository.

The old license (used up to version 1.12) is not available anymore.

Resources

This reference has been completed using the following resources:

Intel iAPX 86/88, 186/188 User's manual

Credits

Thanks to all these geeks involved in some way in this project:

Christian Ludloff: maintainer of Sandpile.org site, one of important sources for this project

Martin Mocko a.k.a. vid: many design ideas for HTML editions

Anthony Lopes: great XML and XSL contributions

Aquila: many great contributions

EliCZ: bug reports, design ideas

Cephexin: many great contributions to XML

Miloslav Ponkrác: helped with PHP and JavaScript on this site

William Whistler: valuable reviews and bug reports

Mikae: reviews, bug reports

References

Download

The source files can be downloaded from GitHub repository. Adobe dream weaver free download for mac os.

HTML Editions Files

coder.html	coder-abc.html
coder32.html	coder32-abc.html
coder64.html	coder64-abc.html
geek.html	geek-abc.html
geek32.html	geek32-abc.html
geek64.html	geek64-abc.html

Comments

My contact information is here.

Revisions

(dates format correspond to ISO 8601)

Note that this cheat sheet omits some corner cases and other technical details in favor of understandability. It is also not even close to being a complete listing of the x86 instruction set. For an easy-to-use but thorough reference, see https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/

Registers

x86 has a small set of registers with specific meanings:

register	meaning
eip	stores a pointer to the next instruction.
esp	points to the top of the call stack.
ebp	points to the bottom of the call stack.
eax	is general purpose, but is also used to return values from functions.
eflags	stores processor flags.
ebx, ecx, edx, esi, and edi	are general purpose registers unless otherwise noted.

Instruction Mnemonics

add <dst>, <src>: adds two operands.

1. Advance eip.
2. Add <src> to the value in <dst> and store in <dst>.
3. Set the overflow (OF), carry (CF), and sign (SF) bits in the eflags register as appropriate.

call <label>: executes the function at <label>.

1. Advance eip.
2. Decrement esp by 4.
3. Store eip in location pointed to by esp.
4. Jump to location specified by operand.

cmp <dst>, <src>: compare two values.

1. Advance EIP.
2. Set zero flag (ZF) and carry (CF) according to table:

comparison	ZF value	CF value
dst = src	1	0
dst < src	0	1
dst > src	0	0

je <dst>: jump if equal, also known as the Jay-Z instruction, jz (alters eip conditionally).

1. In the eflags register, if ZF = 1, set eip to <dst>, otherwise advance eip.

jmp <dst>: unconditional jump (alters eip).

1. Set eip to <dst>.

lea <dst>, <src>: “load effective address”; often used to dereference fields in a struct.

1. Advance eip
2. Compute address expression in <src>, store in <dst>.

leave: function teardown shortcut.

1. Advance eip.
2. Copy ebp into esp.
3. Copy value pointed to by esp into ebp.
4. Increment esp by 4.

mov <dst>, <src>: copies a value from the <src> memory location to the <dst> memory location.

1. Advance eip.
2. Store the value in the second operand into the location in the first operand.

nop: do nothing for one cycle.

1. Advance eip.

pop <dst>: removes a value from the stack and puts it in <dst>.

1. Advance eip.
2. Store value pointed to by esp into operand register.
3. Increment esp by 4.

push <src>: puts the value in <src> on the stack.

1. Advance eip.
2. Decrement esp by 4.
3. Store operand in location pointed to by esp.

ret: returns to stack-saved address (does not advance eip).

1. Copy value at the location pointed to by esp into eip.
2. Increment esp by 4.

sub <dst>, <src>: subtracts two operands.

Assembly Cheat Sheet Pdf

1. Advance EIP.
2. Subtract <src> from <dst> and store in <dst>.
3. Set the overflow (OF), carry (CF), and sign (SF) bits in eflags as appropriate.